For countless years, trawler ships have been an instrumental part of the fishing industry, providing nourishment for millions of people across the globe. These sturdy vessels are built with the specific purpose of trawling – a fishing method that entails sweeping large nets through the ocean depths to gather fish and other aquatic lifeforms. In this feature, we’ll immerse ourselves in the fascinating intricacies of trawlers, their operational systems, and the legal landscape that guides their activities.
Embark on this enlightening expedition as we unravel the intriguing realm of trawlers, their pivotal role in the fishing industry, and the regulatory framework ensuring ethical fishing practices.
What is a Trawler?
A trawler is a unique type of fishing vessel specially engineered to trail an enormous net through the water, capturing fish and other sea creatures in its wake (check out: what is a shrimper vessel).
Trawling is a fishing technique where a large, cone-shaped net is towed behind a ship. As the net glides through the water, it ensnares fish and other aquatic organisms. These nets, typically made of synthetic materials, can be colossal, spanning several hundred feet in length and width.
Trawling has roots in medieval Europe where North Sea fishermen first used the technique. They employed long, slender boats called “trows,” propelled by sails or oars. The net was a simple, single-piece design constructed from natural fibers like hemp or flax and attached to the boat using a wooden frame.
Fast forward to the late 19th century, the industrial revolution triggered substantial advancements in the fishing industry. This included the creation of larger, more potent trawlers equipped with steam engines. These new ships could traverse larger distances and tow more expansive, efficient nets. The nets themselves evolved with the introduction of synthetic fibers like nylon and polyethylene, enhancing their strength and longevity.
Trawling has since burgeoned into a massive global enterprise with trawler ships operating in virtually every ocean and sea worldwide. Commonly captured species by trawlers include North Atlantic cod, haddock, and plaice, Mediterranean anchovies and sardines, and southern hemisphere squid and shrimp.
However, trawling also has notable environmental implications. It can lead to unintentional capture and death of non-target species—termed bycatch—including creatures like dolphins, sea turtles, and sharks. Trawling can also wreak havoc on delicate seafloor habitats like coral reefs and seagrass beds.
To curb these effects, several countries have implemented stringent regulations, limiting the size and number of trawlers that can operate in specific areas and regulating the type of gear used. Additionally, some trawlers are now equipped with sorting grids – devices that allow the release of unwanted species back into the ocean unharmed.
The fishing industry can further improve through sustainable fishing practices, like selective fishing gear that decreases bycatch. There are even certifying bodies such as the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), providing certification for sustainably caught fish. This encourages the industry
to adopt more eco-friendly practices, thus lessening the negative impact on our oceans.
In more recent years, technology has become increasingly intertwined with the trawling industry. Electronic mapping and navigation systems enable trawlers to identify and target specific fish populations with higher precision while minimizing accidental bycatch. Some trawlers even employ sonar to detect fish and drones to help spot them.
How Big is a Trawler?
Trawler ships span an extensive range of sizes, from modest coastal fishing vessels to colossal ocean-going ships that can stretch several hundred feet in length.
A trawler’s size is influenced by several factors such as the type of fishing it’s intended for, the species of fish it aims to catch, and the oceanic conditions it will navigate.
At the smaller end of the scale, we have the inshore trawler. These vessels typically measure under 70 feet in length and are commonly used for inshore and coastal fishing. They can often be seen in protected waters like bays, estuaries, and rivers. Powered by small diesel engines and requiring a crew of just a few individuals, inshore trawlers are primarily used to catch species like cod, haddock, and plaice.
Next in line are midwater trawlers. These trawlers are slightly bigger, usually spanning between 70 and 90 feet in length. Midwater trawlers fish in waters up to 200 miles from the shore and are equipped with more potent engines and larger nets. Typically operated by a crew of around 10 to 20 people, these trawlers target species such as mackerel, squid, and pollock.
The titans of trawling are offshore trawlers, often stretching over 90 feet in length. Built for deep-sea fishing, these vessels can operate in waters several thousand miles from the shore. They are kitted out with large engines, sophisticated navigation and communication systems, and vast nets that can measure up to several hundred feet in length and width. These trawlers often house a crew of 20 or more people and target species like tuna, swordfish, and hoki.
The largest of trawler ships can measure up to 500 feet (approximately 150 meters) in length. These ships necessitate a sizable crew of 50 people or more and are outfitted with high-tech equipment, such as electronic mapping, sonar for detecting fish, and even drones. Capable of withstanding extreme oceanic conditions, these ships tow vast, specialized nets designed to target specific fish species.
Notably, these gigantic trawler ships are not only utilized for fishing but may also be used for research and exploration purposes. Equipped with laboratories, crew living quarters, and even helicopters or submersibles, these ships are able to conduct deep-sea research.
In addition to the trawler’s size, the size of its fishing gear is also a determining factor. Trawl nets can vary from under 20 feet wide and 100 feet long for inshore trawlers to over 100 feet wide and several hundred feet long for offshore trawlers. A larger net can accommodate more fish but also necessitates more powerful engines and a larger crew for operation.
As demonstrated, a trawler ship’s size can greatly differ depending on its intended use and target species. Ranging from compact inshore trawlers operating in sheltered waters to enormous offshore trawlers navigating the open ocean, each trawler type is uniquely designed to fulfill the distinct needs of the fishing industry.
Who Works on Trawlers?
Operating a trawler ship requires a proficient and committed crew, each member playing a vital role in the successful and safe functioning of the vessel.
The crew typically comprises deckhands, engineers, and a captain or skipper, each executing a unique set of responsibilities.
The skipper, or the captain, is the crew’s helm, responsible for the vessel’s overall operation. They make pivotal decisions, such as determining fishing locations, selecting appropriate gear, and charting the vessel’s course. Moreover, the captain ensures adherence to safety regulations and certifies that the crew is well-prepared and equipped to handle emergencies.
Deckhands perform the physical tasks associated with the vessel’s operation and handling of the fishing gear. Responsibilities include managing the net and other fishing equipment, assisting the skipper with vessel navigation, and undertaking additional manual labor as required. Deckhands are also tasked with maintaining the deck and other vessel areas, ensuring cleanliness and orderliness. Typically, deckhands work long 12-hour shifts and might spend several consecutive weeks at sea.
Engineers are responsible for upkeep and repair of the vessel’s engines, generators, and other mechanical devices. They supervise the ship’s fuel and water reserves, ensuring all equipment operates smoothly. Given their specialized training in mechanical and electrical systems, engineers are well-equipped to troubleshoot and rectify any technical issues that might arise during the voyage.
A critical albeit often overlooked crew member is the cook, whose responsibilities encompass meal preparation and maintaining the kitchen area. Cooks face the challenging task of creating nutritious and varied meals with limited resources while at sea.
In some cases, a medic is also part of the crew, tasked with providing first aid and other medical care to crew members.
Additionally, the crew might also comprise specialists such as biologists or technicians employed to conduct research or collect data during the journey. Their work could relate to fields like oceanography, marine biology, or environmental conservation, using the trawler as a research platform. This not only adds value to their individual projects but also furnishes valuable insights for the fishing industry.
Life on a trawler can be demanding and taxing. Crew members often work long hours, spending weeks or months away from home. The physical labor can be strenuous, and conditions can be severe, especially in rough seas or inclement weather. Consequently, the ability to work effectively as a team and handle stress and pressure is a prerequisite for all crew members.
What Laws Apply to Trawlers?
These mighty seafaring vessels bear immense responsibilities, and let me tell you, the laws that govern them are meticulously crafted to promote responsible management of marine resources, regulate their operations, and safeguard the well-being of both the crew and the marine creatures they encounter. So, let’s set sail on this voyage and explore these laws, unraveling how they foster sustainable fishing practices.
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The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): UNCLOS is like a constitution for our planet’s oceans. It provides a comprehensive legal framework dedicated to the conservation and sustainable utilization of ocean resources. Think of it as a “high-seas highway code” that guides nations in their interactions. One fascinating feature is the establishment of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), granting coastal states exclusive rights to manage and exploit resources within 200 nautical miles of their coastlines. If you’re eager to dive deeper into UNCLOS, check it out our article on What is UNCLOS!
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United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA): This international agreement has a specific mission—ensuring the long-term conservation and sustainable use of fish stocks that traverse national boundaries or exhibit high migratory behavior. Essentially, the UNFSA provides a platform for countries to collaborate and effectively manage these valuable fish stocks.
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Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): RFMOs, such as the North East Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NEAFO), play a vital role in managing and conserving fish stocks within their designated regions. These organizations are usually formed by countries that share specific fish stocks or fishing grounds, acting as neighborhood watch groups for our fishy friends.
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National Laws and Regulations: In addition to international agreements and regional organizations, trawlers must also follow the national laws and regulations of the countries where they operate. These cover a wide range of provisions, including fishing quotas, gear restrictions, safety standards, and environmental regulations.
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Environmental Agreements: The environment is a treasure, matey! Trawlers must adhere to international agreements dedicated to safeguarding the marine environment and preserving biodiversity, like the OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). These agreements call for measures to prevent bycatch (that’s when non-target species unintentionally get caught up in the nets) and minimize the impact of fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems.
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Workers’ Rights and Safety Laws: Let’s not forget the courageous individuals who operate these trawlers. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has embraced various conventions that establish minimum standards for seafarers’ rights. These standards cover critical aspects like working hours, living conditions, and health and safety. Taking it a step further, the Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) provides comprehensive rights and protections for seafarers worldwide.
Remember, me hearties, the enforcement of these laws can vary, and not following them may result in penalties, restrictions, or even the loss of fishing rights. That’s why it’s absolutely crucial for all trawlers to diligently abide by these laws. By doing so, they actively promote sustainable fishing practices, protect marine biodiversity, and ensure the safety and rights of their dedicated crew members. This commitment is fundamental to preserving the remarkable wonders of our oceans for present and future generations to cherish. Fair winds and following seas!
Wrapping Up: Trawlers
The trawler ship industry represents a remarkable fusion of skilled crew members, cutting-edge technology, and an in-depth comprehension of the laws and regulations that govern its operations. Every facet of this industry, ranging from the ships’ size and design to the gear employed, assumes a pivotal role in its overall triumph.
However, triumph alone is not the singular pursuit. Equally imperative is the industry’s sustainability, as it entails the preservation of the ocean’s invaluable resources and diverse wildlife. This necessitates an enlightened approach that harmoniously integrates productive fishing practices with the preservation of marine ecosystems.
By steadfastly adhering to the laws and regulations that safeguard fish populations and the ocean, the trawler ship industry can chart a course towards sustainability. It is through this unwavering commitment to responsible and environmentally conscious practices that we can safeguard the longevity and vibrancy of our oceans for generations to come.
